| Pack Size | Qty | Lead Time | Price | Quantity |
Lot Number
CAS #
*This document is like a lab demo—an example Certificate of Analysis (COA) that showcases what a COA looks like but may not match the latest batch in all its glory. Think of it as a chemistry experiment: close, but not quite the final reaction!
| IUPAC name | styrene |
| inchi | InChI=1S/C8H8/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h2-7H,1H2 |
| inchi key | PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| molecular formula | C8H8 |
| synonyms | |
| Compound Description |
| Molecular Weight: | 104.15 g/mol |
| XLogP3: | 2.9 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count: | 1 |
| Exact Mass: | 104.062600255 Da |
| Monoisotopic Mass: | 104.062600255 Da |
| Topological Polar Surface Area: | 0 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count: | 8 |
| Formal Charge: | 0 |
| Complexity: | 68.1 |
| Isotope Atom Count: | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: | 1 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized: | Yes |
| hazard signal | Danger |
| hazard classes and categories | |
| precautionary statement codes | P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 |
| hazard statements | |
| hazards summary | Styrene is primarily a synthetic chemical. It is also known as vinylbenzene, ethenylbenzene, cinnamene, or phenylethylene. It's a colorless liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet smell. It often contains other chemicals that give it a sharp, unpleasant smell. It dissolves in some liquids but doesn't dissolve easily in water. Billions of pounds are produced each year to make products such as rubber, plastic, insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, food containers, and carpet backing. Most of these products contain styrene linked together in a long chain (polystyrene) as well as unlinked styrene. Low levels of styrene also occur naturally in a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, beverages, and meats.Styrene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene plastics and resins. Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in mucous membrane and eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Chronic (long-term) exposure to styrene in humans results in effects on the central nervous system (CNS), such as headache, fatigue, weakness, and depression, CSN dysfunction, hearing loss, and peripheral neuropathy. Human studies are inconclusive on the reproductive and developmental effects of styrene. several studies did not report an increase in developmental effects in women who worked in the plastics industry, while an increased frequency of spontaneous abortions and decreased frequency of births were reported in another study. Several epidemiologic studies suggest there may be an association between styrene exposure and an increased risk of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the evidence is inconclusive due to confounding factors. EPA has not given a formal carcinogen classification to styrene.Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure. There is evidence that occupational exposure to styrene in high concentrations over long periods of time can cause chronic encephalopathy similar to Painters' syndrome caused by other organic solvents. Occupational asthma confirmed by bronchoprovocation testing in 2 workers in a plastics factory. Styrene can induce liver injury in experimental animals. Styrene can cause defatting of skin and CNS depression. A 1996-99 study of 328 reinforced plastics workers in the US found that air levels have decreased substantially over the last 10-20 years. About 95% of the amount absorbed during a 8-hour exposure can be accounted for by urinary excretion of the metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), which are produced by sequential metabolism. More recent studies by Triebig et al. (2009) and Sisto et al. (2013) suggest the threshold for styrene-induced hearing loss is likely to be between 20 and 40 ppm, expressed as mean exposure concentrations, assuming peak exposures are properly managed. Ototoxicity was only reported at concentrations >300 ppm in animals, especially in active compared to sedentary animals. During the period of 1966 to 1990 the average styrene concentration in the breathing zone of open-mould workers in the European glass fibre-reinforced plastics industry has decreased on average by 5.3% per year and only 0.4% annually in the period after 1990. Available evidence suggests styrene exposure is a potential risk factor for NMRD . Additional studies of styrene-exposed workers are warranted. Styrene monomer, stabilized (UN2055) has warning of explosive polymerization. The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of styrene stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Toxic by all routes (ie, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact), exposure to this colorless-to-yellow, sweet-smelling liquid may occur from its presence in the manufacture and use of plastics, synthetic rubber, resins, coatings, paints, floor waxes, adhesives, putty, metal cleaners, autobody fillers, and varnishes. Effects from exposure may include headache, fatigue, nausea, sensation of drunkenness, central nervous system depression, and irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract (including pulmonary edema). Also, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified styrene as a Group 2B carcinogen (defined as an agent that is possibly carcinogenic to humans). OSHA has established a TWA limit for styrene of 100 ppm. Mechanical ventilation should be used if necessary to maintain airborne levels of styrene at or below the permissible limit. In activities and situations where over-exposure may occur, wear protective clothing (neoprene is recommended), and a self-contained breathing apparatus. If contact should occur, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes, and wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water. Contaminated clothing should be removed and left at the worksite for cleaning. Styrene is easily ignited by heat, sparks (including static discharge), or flames. Its heavier-than-air vapor may travel considerable distances to a source of ignition and flash back, or form explosive concentrations in enclosed spaces such as sewers. Also, containers of styrene may explode in the heat of a fire. For fires involving styrene, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, Halon, water spray (solid stream may spread the fire), or standard foam. Fight fire from as far a distance as possible, and consider evacuation of one half mile radius, especially if a tank car or truck is involved. Styrene (inhibited) may be shipped domestically via air, rail, road, and water, in containers bearing the label, "Flammable liquid." Styrene should be stored in air-tight containers, and away from sources of ignition or physical damage, moisture, heat, metal salts, peroxides, and strong acids. Small spills of styrene should be taken up with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth, and placed into containers for later disposal. Large spills on land should be diked using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete, and the bulk liquid absorbed with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Spills in bodies of water should be encircled by natural barriers or oil spill control booms, and a "universal" gelling agent injected to solidify the material. Apply activated carbon, and remove the trapped material with suction hoses, or mechanical lifts or dredges. Before implementing land disposal of styrene waste, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance. |
| toxicity summary | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Styrene is a colorless to yellowish, oily liquid. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, and resins, and as an insulator. It is also used as a flavoring agent for ice cream and candy. HUMAN STUDIES: Humans acutely exposed to styrene by inhalation to 800 ppm for 3 hr experience immediate eye and throat irritation, increased nasal mucous secretion, metallic taste, drowsiness, and vertigo. After test termination, slight muscular weakness, accompanied by inertia and depression were noted. Long-term contact with styrene results in blistering of the skin and development of dermatitis, which is thought to result from defatting of the skin. Effects on the liver and reproductive system have been reported. Epidemiologic studies found styrene workers had increased mortality or incidences of lymphohematopoietic cancers , with suggestive evidence for pancreatic and esophageal tumors. No adequate human studies are available for styrene-7,8-oxide although this is the primary and active epoxide metabolite of styrene. Both are genotoxic and form DNA adducts in humans. Products having high irritancy to the human eye are formed when styrene is photo-oxidized with ozone and nitrogen dioxide as in formation of smog. Also, a potent lacrimator has been formed when styrene wastes became mixed with bromine or chlorine wastes and reacted under the influence of sunlight. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute exposure of animals to styrene causes irritation of the skin and respiratory tract, and central nervous system effects. Liquid styrene is a skin irritant which, on direct contact, causes erythema. Styrene in the rabbit eye caused moderate conjunctival irritation and slight, transient corneal injury. Nystagmus was demonstrated in rabbits, and during styrene exposure the directions of the rotatory nystagmus reversed. Rats and guinea pigs that inhaled 10,000 ppm styrene became comatose within minutes and died after 30 to 60 minutes of exposure. Animals exposed at 2500 ppm showed weakness and stupor, followed by incoordination, tremor, and coma; death followed within 8 hours. A 50% reduction in respiratory rate occurred in mice that inhaled 160 ppm for 3 minutes; mice that inhaled 250 ppm for two 6-hr periods or 500 ppm for a single 6-hr period developed severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Mice inhaling 125 ppm styrene, 6 hrs/day for 4 days developed increased liver weight. When rats were given 0, 125, or 250 ppm commercial grade styrene in their drinking water for three generations, no treatment-related changes in reproduction could be detected. Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays showed that styrene caused lung cancers in several strains of mice and mammary cancers in rats and styrene-7,8-oxide caused tumors of the forestomach in rats and mice and of the liver in mice. Styrene induced reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and TA100 in presence of metabolic activation. It was not mutagenic to TA1537, TA1538 or TA98. Styrene was not mutagenic in spot test with various strains of Salmonella typhimurium without metabolic activation. It did not induce forward mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, even with metabolic activation. In host-mediated assay using male mice, 1000 mg/kg styrene increased gene conversion frequency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D4. The endocrine disruptor activity of styrene in humans and other vertebrates appears to be negligible. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Offspring numbers were reduced in Ceriodaphnia dubia bred in polystyrene cups. The swimming activity of the amphipod, Pontoporeia affinis, was stimulated by styrene at concentrations between 2.3 and 23 mg/L. Higher styrene levels caused amphipods to cease swimming for several days, then resume greater than normal activity.Styrene 7,8-oxide, a metabolite of styrene, can form DNA adducts by binding to deoxyguanosine. It is also mutagenic and causes increased frequency of sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleated cells, and DNA strand breaks. |
| symptoms | |
| health effects | Styrene causes nervous system depression and may be carcinogenic. Animals studies have also shown that hearing loss and liver damage may occur. |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Agent: Styrene |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Classes: Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Monographs: Volume 60: Some Industrial ChemicalsVolume 82: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and StyreneVolume 121: Styrene, Styrene-7,8-oxide, and Quinoline |
| carcinogen classification | Substance: Styrene |
| carcinogen classification | NTP Technical Report: TR-185: Bioassay of Styrene for Possible Carcinogenicity |
| carcinogen classification | Peer Review Date: 10/25/78 |
| carcinogen classification | Conclusion for Male Rat: No Evidence |
| carcinogen classification | Conclusion for Female Rat: No Evidence |
| carcinogen classification | Conclusion for Male Mice: Equivocal Evidence |
| carcinogen classification | Conclusion for Female Mice: No Evidence |
| carcinogen classification | Summary: The findings of an increased incidence of a combination of adenomas and carcinomas of the lung provided suggestive evidence for the carcinogenicity of styrene in male B6C3F1 mice. However, it is concluded that, under the conditions of this bioassay, no convincing evidence for the carcinogenicity of the compound was obtained in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex. |
| carcinogen classification | default_key: 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. |
