*This document is like a lab demo—an example Certificate of Analysis (COA) that showcases what a COA looks like but may not match the latest batch in all its glory. Think of it as a chemistry experiment: close, but not quite the final reaction!
Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. It does not readily evaporate at room temperature. Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents. Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosives
Aniline appears as a yellowish to brownish oily liquid with a musty fishy odor. Melting point -6 °C; boiling point 184 °C; flash point 158 °F. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic by skin absorption and inhalation. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used to manufacture other chemicals, especially dyes, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals and others.
Aniline is a primary arylamine in which an amino functional group is substituted for one of the benzene hydrogens. It is a primary arylamine and a member of anilines.
Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Consisting of an amine attached to a benzene ring, aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine. Being a precursor to many industrial chemicals, its main use is in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane. Like most volatile amines, it possesses the somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish. Aniline is colorless, but it slowly oxidizes and resinifies in air, giving a red-brown tint to aged samples.
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Exposure to aniline may occur from breathing contaminated outdoor air, smoking tobacco, or working or being near industries where it is produced or used. The acute and chronic effects of aniline in humans consist mainly of effects on the lung, such as upper respiratory tract irritation and congestion. Chronic exposure may also result in effects on the blood. Human cancer data are insufficient to conclude that aniline is a cause of bladder tumors while animal studies indicate that aniline causes tumors of the spleen. EPA has classified aniline as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Aniline is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis and Trigonella foenum-graecum with data available.
Aniline is an organic chemical compound, specifically a primary aromatic amine. It consists of a benzene ring attached to an amino group. Aniline is oily and, although colorless, it can be slowly oxidized and resinified in air to form impurities which can give it a red-brown tint. Its boiling point is 184 degree centigrade and its melting point is -6 degree centegrade. It is a liquid at room temperature. Like most volatile amines, it possesses a somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish, and also has a burning aromatic taste; it is a highly acrid poison. It ignites readily, burning with a large smoky flame. Aniline reacts with strong acids to form salts containing the anilinium ion , and reacts with acyl halides , CH3COCl) to form amides. The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3-CO-NH-C6H5 is acetanilide, for which the modern name is N-phenyl ethanamide. Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly reactive in electrophilic substitution reactions. For example, sulfonation of aniline produces sulfanilic acid, which can be converted to sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide is one of the sulfa drugs which were widely used as antibacterial in the early 20th century. Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben. In 1834, Friedrich Runge isolated from coal tar a substance which produced a beautiful blue color on treatment with chloride of lime; this he named kyanol or cyanol. In 1841, C. J. Fritzsche showed that by treating indigo with caustic potash it yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit, dark-blue.
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Computed Properties
Molecular Weight:
93.13 g/mol
XLogP3:
0.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:
1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count:
1
Rotatable Bond Count:
0
Exact Mass:
93.057849228 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass:
93.057849228 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area:
26 Ų
Heavy Atom Count:
7
Formal Charge:
0
Complexity:
46.1
Isotope Atom Count:
0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:
0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:
0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:
0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:
0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:
1
Compound Is Canonicalized:
Yes
hazard signal
Danger
hazard classes and categories
Acute Tox. 3 (96.39%)
Acute Tox. 3 (97.59%)
Skin Sens. 1 (97.59%)
Eye Dam. 1 (97.53%)
Acute Tox. 2 (11.5%)
Acute Tox. 3 (97.11%)
Muta. 2 (97.65%)
Carc. 2 (99.94%)
STOT RE 1 (100%)
STOT RE 2 (26.67%)
Aquatic Acute 1 (99.82%)
Aquatic Chronic 1 (15.53%)
Acute Tox. 3 (100%)
Skin Sens. 1 (100%)
Eye Dam. 1 (100%)
Muta. 2 (100%)
Carc. 2 (100%)
Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)
Carcinogenicity - category 2
Germ cell mutagenicity - category 2
Acute toxicity - category 3
Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 1
Eye damage - category 1
Skin sensitisation - category 1
Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1
Flammable liquids - Category 4
Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4
Acute toxicity (Dermal) - Category 3
Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Vapours) - Category 2
Acute toxicity (Inhalation: Dusts and mists) - Category 4
Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2A
Skin sensitization - Category 1
Germ cell mutagenicity - Category 2
Carcinogenicity - Category 2
Reproductive toxicity - Category 2
Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 1 (haemal system, nervous system)
Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (haemal system, nervous system)
Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Acute) - Category 1
Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Long-term) - Category 1
Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2
Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 1 (blood system, heart, liver, kidney, respiratory system, nervous system)
Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (blood system, nervous system, respiratory system)
Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 1 (blood system, systemic toxicity)
Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (blood system, systemic toxicity)
H301+H311+H331 (31.07%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]
H301 (96.39%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]
H311 (97.59%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]
H317 (97.59%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]
H351 (99.94%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]
H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]
H373 (26.67%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]
H400 (99.82%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]
H410 (15.53%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]
hazards summary
Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. It does not readily evaporate at room temperature. Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents. Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosivesExposure to aniline may occur from breathing contaminated outdoor air, smoking tobacco, or working or being near industries where it is produced or used. The acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) effects of aniline in humans consist mainly of effects on the lung, such as upper respiratory tract irritation and congestion. Chronic exposure may also result in effects on the blood. Human cancer data are insufficient to conclude that aniline is a cause of bladder tumors while animal studies indicate that aniline causes tumors of the spleen. EPA has classified aniline as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.Skin contamination is the most common route of occupational exposure. Proper plant design and strict industrial hygiene are necessary to prevent spills and clothing contamination. Listed in a table of Industrial Chemicals for Which Methemoglobin Formation is the Principal Cause of Toxicity. A severe eye irritant. Mild symptoms of methemoglobinemia have been reported after several hours exposure to 7-53 ppm. See 2021 (Volume 127) monograph at IARC.The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of aniline stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Exposure to this colorless-to-brown oily liquid may occur from its use as a solvent and as a chemical intermediate. Toxic by all routes (ie, ingestion, inhalation, skin contact), aniline can exert effects including contact burns to the skin and eyes, cyanosis, headache, nausea, cardiac arrhythmias, shock, and death. The ACGIH recommends a workplace limit (TLV) of 2 ppm as an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) with a note to prevent skin contact. Compliance with the TLV should be accomplished by conducting aniline reactions in closed vessels and by employing general and local exhaust ventilation, as necessary. The aromatic amine-like odor of aniline may warn of its presence at a sub-TLV level of 1 ppm. however, to assure against exposure, it is recommended that workers involved with aniline (including firefighters) wear a full facepiece, self-contained breathing apparatus, and wear full protective clothing (including rubber gloves and boots). Further precautions include provision of eyewash stations and safety showers, prohibition of eating and smoking in aniline work areas, and the prompt removal of aniline-soaked clothing. While aniline must be heated before ignition will occur (autoignition temp: 615 °C), its vapor can be ignited explosively in a wide range of concentrations (explosive limits: 1.3% to 25%) by sparks or flames (flash point: 70 °C, closed cup). For fires involving aniline, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, water spray, fog, or foam. From a distance, use water spray to knock down vapor and cool containers. Dike fire control water to prevent pollution and explosion hazards in sewers. Aniline should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventillated location, away from sources of ignition, strong oxidizers, and activities which could cause physical damage to aniline containers. While aniline is shipped in a variety of containers including glass bottles, cans, drums, tank vehicles, tank cars, and tank barges, specific safety design features are required for such containers by the DOT. The poison label is used on containers shipped by rail and air (shipment is prohibited on passenger planes). Take up small spills of aniline with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth and place into containers for later disposal. Very small spills may be absorbed on paper towels and allowed to evaporate in a fume hood. Large spills on land should be contained in excavated pits, ponds, or other holding area and any surface flow diked with soil or sandbags. Water mist may be needed to knock down vapor. Apply universal gelling agent to immobilize the spill and absorb the bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Large water spills may need to be trapped at the bottom with sandbag barriers, treated with activated carbon, and then the immobilized masses removed by mechanical dredges or lifts. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.
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