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*This document is like a lab demo—an example Certificate of Analysis (COA) that showcases what a COA looks like but may not match the latest batch in all its glory. Think of it as a chemistry experiment: close, but not quite the final reaction!
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Bulk Quote| hazards summary | Pure thallium is a bluish-white metal that is found in trace amounts in the earth's crust. In the past, thallium was obtained as a by-product from smelting other metals. however, it has not been produced in the United States since 1984. Currently, all the thallium is obtained from imports and from thallium reserves.. In its pure form, thallium is odorless and tasteless. It can also be found combined with other substances such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine. When it's combined, it appears colorless-to-white or yellow.. Thallium is used mostly in manufacturing electronic devices, switches, and closures, primarily for the semiconductor industry. It also has limited use in the manufacture of special glass and for certain medical procedures.Chronic poisoning can cause peripheral neuropathy, liver injury, and hair loss (alopecia). Occupational exposure may occur through alloy production, machining thallium-containing alloys, or manufacturing of rodenticides, electronic components, optical lenses, or costume jewelry. It is used as an alloy with mercury to make switches in the semiconductor industry. A urine thallium concentration of 100 ug/L corresponds to a 40-hour/week exposure to 0.1 mg/m3. Most reported cases of thallium poisoning follow ingestion. Occupational cases have been reported after skin absorption. Thallous acetate and thallic chloride are slightly more toxic than the less soluble thallic oxide and thallous iodide. Symptoms are usually delayed for 12-14 hours after ingestion and include gastroenteritis (sometimes hemorrhagic) and shock. Chronic symptoms appear after 2-4 weeks in patients who survive--painful paresthesias and later hair loss. Urinary thallium levels of >20 mcg/L suggests excessive exposure. Thallium is radiopaque and may be detected in plain x-rays. After thallium poisoning by ingestion, patients may develop acute renal failure. The toxicological significance of thallium is mainly restricted to some inorganic and organic salts of Tl+ such as TlCl, Tl2SO4 (used as a rodenticide), and thallium acetate. Intoxications by elemental thallium are comparatively rare. Cases of occupational poisoning from skin contact in workers manufacturing rodenticides were described in the 1950s. Symptoms included vague ill health, paresthesias, and some hair loss. |
