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CAS #
*This document is like a lab demo—an example Certificate of Analysis (COA) that showcases what a COA looks like but may not match the latest batch in all its glory. Think of it as a chemistry experiment: close, but not quite the final reaction!
| IUPAC name | beryllium |
| inchi | InChI=1S/Be |
| inchi key | ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| molecular formula | Be |
| synonyms | |
| Compound Description |
| Molecular Weight: | 9.012183 g/mol |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count: | 0 |
| Exact Mass: | 9.0121831 Da |
| Monoisotopic Mass: | 9.0121831 Da |
| Topological Polar Surface Area: | 0 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count: | 1 |
| Formal Charge: | 0 |
| Complexity: | 0 |
| Isotope Atom Count: | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: | 0 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: | 1 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized: | Yes |
| hazard signal | Danger |
| hazard classes and categories | |
| precautionary statement codes | P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 |
| hazard statements | |
| hazards summary | Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Beryllium compounds are commercially mined, and the Beryllium is purified for use in nuclear weapons and reactors, aircraft and space vehicle structures, instruments, x-ray machines, and mirrors. Beryllium ores are used to make speciality ceramics for electrical and high-technology applications. Beryllium alloys are used in automobiles, computers, sports equipment (golf clubs and bicycle frames), and dental bridges.Ores (beryl, euclase, phenakite, chrysoberyl, and bertrandite) are not known to cause chronic beryllium disease (CBD), but epidemiology studies of miners have not been done. Alloys of beryllium including copper, aluminum, and nickel containing 1-4 % beryllium can cause CBD. Acute pneumonitis from beryllium was seen in the 1940s and 1950s when workplace exposures were higher. About 1/3 of these workers developed chronic beryllium disease. Beryllium salts can induce contact dermatitis. Particles of metal, oxide, and crystal that penetrate the skin can induce granulomas. It is likely that skin exposure can induce beryllium sensitization (BeS), but not CBD. CBD results from inhalation of fume or respirable dust of salts, metal, oxides, or alloys. Beryllium and cobalt are the metals that most frequently cause skin granulomas. Beryllium is a skin sensitizer as shown by human maximization test, and local lymph node assay. The granulomas of CBD can affect not only the lungs, but also the liver, spleen, heart, and lymph nodes. CBD can cause liver enlargement and elevated liver enzymes. CBD patients may develop chronic kidney disease from granulomas in the kidneys. Up to 30% of patients with CBD develop kidney stones. Workers with high exposures to beryllium before the 1950s had increased risk for lung cancer. Exposure to soluble beryllium salts (sulfate, ammonium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, and beryllium hydroxide) during the extraction of metal from the ore can induce BeS. Exposure to the ore itself does not induce BeS. Improved industrial hygiene has reduced the incidence of BeS to very low levels. Beryllium are dermal sensitizers (soluble compounds) and respiratory sensitizers (soluble and insoluble compounds). Beryllium is linked to lung cancer from studies of workers with beryllium disease and in a cohort of seven beryllium-processing plants. Higher risks occurred in workers with the highest exposures (hired before 1950). Induced sputum is a feasible and promising biomonitoring method that should be included in the surveillance of exposed workers. These results suggest that BL are meaningful and that three BL results predict BeS across a broad range of population prevalences. Also see Risk of beryllium sensitization in a low-exposed former nuclear weapons cohort from the Cold War era , Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites , and Prevalence of beryllium sensitization among Department of Defense conventional munitions workers at low risk for exposure Chronic Beryllium Disease: Update on a Moving Target The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Toxic primarily by inhalation and dermal contact (as fumes, aerosolized salt solutions, or finely divided dust), exposure to this odorless, grayish-white metal may occur from its use as an alloy or metal in materials for manufacturing aircraft and spacecraft, nuclear reactors, electrical equipment, and electronic components. Effects from exposure may include contact burns to the skin and eyes, skin ulceration, nausea, headache, weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, bronchitis, acute pneumonitis, and possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Adequate local exhaust ventilation is necessary to prevent inhalation of, and skin contact with beryllium. In activities or situations where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a self-contained breathing with full face piece. Protective clothing also should be worn, including protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece and close fitting at ankles and wrists), gloves, hair covering, and over shoes. If contact should occur, immediately remove contaminated clothing and flush affected skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. While Smoking, drinking, and eating in beryllium work areas should be prohibited. Finely divided beryllium dust presents the greatest fire hazard, forming mixtures in air that can ignite explosively when exposed to heat, sparks, or flame. For fires involving beryllium, extinguish with water spray, fog, or standard foam. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing when fighting such fires. Beryllium should be stored in dry areas, away from acids, alkalis, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizable materials, and sources of ignition, including any sparking or arcing electrical apparatus. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements should be consulted before transport. For small dry spills, collect beryllium and place in a clean, dry container for later disposal. For large spills, first dike the area, then wet down material with water for later disposal. Before implementing land disposal of waste beryllium, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance. Also, recovering and recycling of beryllium is an alternative to its disposal. |
| toxicity summary | Exposure of people to relatively high concentrations of beryllium causes acute beryllium disease, characterized by chemical pneumonitis. Some people inhaling low concentrations of beryllium develop chronic beryllium disease, a granulomatous lung disease characterized by dyspnea, cough, reduced pulmonary function, and a variety of other symptoms, including weight loss. The lack of a dose-response relationship between the extent of exposure and development of the disease, long latency period between exposure and onset, and the low incidence among beryllium-exposed individuals suggests that the disease is immune mediated. Occupational risk associated with exposure to beryllium-containing alloys has been documented for individuals exposed to beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys. Beryllium is a human and animal carcinogen. Epidemiologic evidence relating beryllium exposure to cancer in humans demonstrates that beryllium is carcinogenic in humans, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the evidence for beryllium induced carcinogenicity in humans as "sufficient". The pulmonary effects of inhaled beryllium have also been evaluated in a variety of laboratory animal species. monkeys exposed to relatively high concentrations of beryllium compounds developed symptoms and histopathological findings consistent with acute beryllium disease. Granulomatous lung disease has also been produced in guinea pigs exposed to beryllium compounds by inhalation or by intratracheal instillation. Repeated inhalation of beryllium-containing materials, including soluble beryllium compounds by various strains of laboratory rats has resulted in development of inflammatory and proliferative changes, granulomatous lung changes, and the development of lung tumors. Although beryllium- exposed rats have developed various degrees of granulomatous lung disease, none have developed immunopathological responses in lung or beryllium hypersensitivity. studies have shown that several strains of mice inhaling beryllium develop pulmonary lesions with features consistent with chronic beryllium disease. Lung lesions consisted of infiltration of lymphocytes into the lung interstitium, development of microgranulomas consisting of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the presence of some pulmonary fibrosis. Under certain exposure conditions, increased numbers of lymphocytes were recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from exposed animals.Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. |
| symptoms | |
| health effects | Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can caused an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitis. |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Agent: Beryllium and beryllium compounds |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Classes: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Monographs: Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 Volume 58: Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing IndustryVolume 100C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts |
| carcinogen classification | default_key: 1, carcinogenic to humans. |
