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*This document is like a lab demo—an example Certificate of Analysis (COA) that showcases what a COA looks like but may not match the latest batch in all its glory. Think of it as a chemistry experiment: close, but not quite the final reaction!
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Bulk Quote| hazards summary | Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Beryllium compounds are commercially mined, and the Beryllium is purified for use in nuclear weapons and reactors, aircraft and space vehicle structures, instruments, x-ray machines, and mirrors. Beryllium ores are used to make speciality ceramics for electrical and high-technology applications. Beryllium alloys are used in automobiles, computers, sports equipment (golf clubs and bicycle frames), and dental bridges.Ores (beryl, euclase, phenakite, chrysoberyl, and bertrandite) are not known to cause chronic beryllium disease (CBD), but epidemiology studies of miners have not been done. Alloys of beryllium including copper, aluminum, and nickel containing 1-4 % beryllium can cause CBD. Acute pneumonitis from beryllium was seen in the 1940s and 1950s when workplace exposures were higher. About 1/3 of these workers developed chronic beryllium disease. Beryllium salts can induce contact dermatitis. Particles of metal, oxide, and crystal that penetrate the skin can induce granulomas. It is likely that skin exposure can induce beryllium sensitization (BeS), but not CBD. CBD results from inhalation of fume or respirable dust of salts, metal, oxides, or alloys. Beryllium and cobalt are the metals that most frequently cause skin granulomas. Beryllium is a skin sensitizer as shown by human maximization test, and local lymph node assay. The granulomas of CBD can affect not only the lungs, but also the liver, spleen, heart, and lymph nodes. CBD can cause liver enlargement and elevated liver enzymes. CBD patients may develop chronic kidney disease from granulomas in the kidneys. Up to 30% of patients with CBD develop kidney stones. Workers with high exposures to beryllium before the 1950s had increased risk for lung cancer. Exposure to soluble beryllium salts (sulfate, ammonium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, and beryllium hydroxide) during the extraction of metal from the ore can induce BeS. Exposure to the ore itself does not induce BeS. Improved industrial hygiene has reduced the incidence of BeS to very low levels. Beryllium are dermal sensitizers (soluble compounds) and respiratory sensitizers (soluble and insoluble compounds). Beryllium is linked to lung cancer from studies of workers with beryllium disease and in a cohort of seven beryllium-processing plants. Higher risks occurred in workers with the highest exposures (hired before 1950). Induced sputum is a feasible and promising biomonitoring method that should be included in the surveillance of exposed workers. These results suggest that BL are meaningful and that three BL results predict BeS across a broad range of population prevalences. Also see Risk of beryllium sensitization in a low-exposed former nuclear weapons cohort from the Cold War era , Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites , and Prevalence of beryllium sensitization among Department of Defense conventional munitions workers at low risk for exposure Chronic Beryllium Disease: Update on a Moving Target The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium stem from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Toxic primarily by inhalation and dermal contact (as fumes, aerosolized salt solutions, or finely divided dust), exposure to this odorless, grayish-white metal may occur from its use as an alloy or metal in materials for manufacturing aircraft and spacecraft, nuclear reactors, electrical equipment, and electronic components. Effects from exposure may include contact burns to the skin and eyes, skin ulceration, nausea, headache, weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, bronchitis, acute pneumonitis, and possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Adequate local exhaust ventilation is necessary to prevent inhalation of, and skin contact with beryllium. In activities or situations where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a self-contained breathing with full face piece. Protective clothing also should be worn, including protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece and close fitting at ankles and wrists), gloves, hair covering, and over shoes. If contact should occur, immediately remove contaminated clothing and flush affected skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. While Smoking, drinking, and eating in beryllium work areas should be prohibited. Finely divided beryllium dust presents the greatest fire hazard, forming mixtures in air that can ignite explosively when exposed to heat, sparks, or flame. For fires involving beryllium, extinguish with water spray, fog, or standard foam. Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing when fighting such fires. Beryllium should be stored in dry areas, away from acids, alkalis, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizable materials, and sources of ignition, including any sparking or arcing electrical apparatus. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements should be consulted before transport. For small dry spills, collect beryllium and place in a clean, dry container for later disposal. For large spills, first dike the area, then wet down material with water for later disposal. Before implementing land disposal of waste beryllium, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance. Also, recovering and recycling of beryllium is an alternative to its disposal. |
| symptoms |
| health effects | Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can caused an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitis. |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Agent: Beryllium and beryllium compounds |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Carcinogenic Classes: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans |
| carcinogen classification | IARC Monographs: Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 Volume 58: Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing IndustryVolume 100C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts |
| carcinogen classification | default_key: 1, carcinogenic to humans. |
